Author: alirafique

It is well known that naturally irradiated material exists in extraterrestrial (e.g. Mars, Venus). However, it is unknown that what constitutes reaction kinetics and energetics of such material. What will be effect of intense known (alpha, beta particles, gamma rays, neutrinos, quarks and other high energy cosmic particles) and unknown radiation (dose (amount), interval (periodicity), intensity) on such reactions and their aforementioned? How reaction kinetics, rate processes, energetics and mechanisms are affected (including mapping [1 – 2]) by such highly irradiation envelope (a mix of radioactive gases and unknowns) in very thin contrast? It bears direct relation with lift and movement (in a transient composition envelope) and is used to design machinery for interplanetary travel. This study discusses these in detail.


Reference

[1] Rafique, M. M. A. (2020). Modelling and Simulation of Microstructural Evolution for Extra-terrestrial Planetary Chemistry Mapping Using Artificial Intelligence – a NASA Mars Rover Study. Preprints. https://lnkd.in/d8TG6ins

[2] Rafique, M.M.A., 2023. Modelling and simulation of microstructural evolution for extra-terrestrial planetary chemistry mapping using artificial intelligence–a NASA Mars rover study. Available at SSRN 4365718.

In so called modern Aerial warfare, spoofing (false signal mimicking actual frequency for radar cross section detection) is commonly used coupled with so called electronic warfare (EW) suites (a set of switches or LCDs connected with gauges, transducers and instruments for mechnical actuation of various fixtures) of craft which are meant to be protected. One such system is so called X Guard. It supersedes its predecessor(s) AN/ALE – 50. It is shown to be deployed and successfully operated for various medium to high altitude (e.g. B-52) supersonic non stealth (e.g. so called 4 – 4.5th generation) crafts. It consists of a 65 Kg, 300 W battery operated transducer which, upon deployment generate a signal from its antenna array mimicking radar cross section frequency of actual craft. Thus, may be easily used to deceive incoming radar guided missile (RGM) (air – air or surface to air), whose navigation depends on detection frequency of craft in question. It is claimed that it is deployed from a fiber optic cable mere 100 meter long on a craft for BVR (beyond visible range (~ 250 Km)) scenario encounters. It is well known that it is deployed on non stealth crafts. Its effectiveness is claimed to be superior to fool incoming projectiles. However, it is unknown that upon deployment and signal generation, how signal (reflected) from actual craft suddenly becomes invisible? Even upon its deployment, actual craft does not become stealth suddenly and remain (and should remain) visible on radar screen unless actually destroyed. This raises questions about its effectiveness and operation in a BVR scenario where mere 100 m is insufficient to make any signal effective. This study discusses these in detail.

It is well known that an object dropped from a height constitutes energy known as potential energy (P.E) represented by product of its mass (m) (variable), height (h) (variable) and gravitational constant (g). This may be used in various forms such as impact energy. It can cause impact and damage in various structures such as metals, alloys, concrete, steel reinforced concrete, polymers, composites, wood and rocks which is of interest. However, its full effect is a function of various other factors. such as medium in which object is dropped, its nature (air, gas(es), vacuum), amount, viscosity, temperature, form (static or dynamic), direction of operation, angle of drop and shape of object. This in turn governs its effectiveness to act as dart and cause impact, accumulate and release impact energy, disperse it in vectors and cause failure, fracture and damage (brittle, ductile, mix mode, fragmentation). This is particularly important and valuable in determining projectile shape and dimensions. Underlying material to be tested and its geometrical dimensions, configuration and existance (natural or artificial) also plays an important part. Both mass (m) and height (h) becomes ineffective if improperly selected contingent with nature of material to be tested and atmospheric conditions. This is studied in detail.

As recent fatal accident of air india 171 unfolding, it is becoming more clearer that said aircrafts was not new. It had ~ 8000 take off and landings and had lodged > 41,000 flight hours. It had completed 19 flights in current month (June) excluding any from Ahmadabad to any international destination. It is safe to assume that it was its 20th flight in one month and first outbound from Ahmadabad to any International destination (London Gatwick) (Long haul flight with full passenger and fuel load (~ 5 Ton)). It is also unknown that how many times this aircraft have been to, or from Ahmadbad to, or from London previously. It is also known that it was equipped with two engines one General Electric GEnx-1B and one Rolls Royce Trent 1000 (Extremely rare and unsafe Engineering practice – not recomended). Right Engine was new (make unknown), and left was due for annual on site factory maintenance in December. It is not known after how many cycles, it is advisable to replace an engine with a brand newer one on an old aging aircraft? and was it plane’s first replacement? This creates, and should create a lot of stresses (nature, type and amount) on existing wings, flaps, body and structure as they were not replaced. A new engine was installed on old structure giving rise to compatability issues. It is absolutely clear from only video shot from roof top by a hand held cellular phone with sound that Ram air turbine (RAT) was deployed at mere ~ 600 m height (a strong evidence of dual engine failure or shut down (manual or automatic by artificial intelligence (AI) enabled computer)). This may have generated some power by using small cushion and volume of air to enable the craft to pitch its nose up, in addition to glide during very last seconds of decent. This study discusses these in detail.