Potential energy, impact, impact energy, vector mechanics, damage mechanics and igneous rocks

It is well known that an object dropped from a height constitutes energy known as potential energy (P.E) represented by product of its mass (m) (variable), height (h) (variable) and gravitational constant (g). This may be used in various forms such as impact energy. It can cause impact and damage in various structures such as metals, alloys, concrete, steel reinforced concrete, polymers, composites, wood and rocks which is of interest. However, its full effect is a function of various other factors. such as medium in which object is dropped, its nature (air, gas(es), vacuum), amount, viscosity, temperature, form (static or dynamic), direction of operation, angle of drop and shape of object. This in turn governs its effectiveness to act as dart and cause impact, accumulate and release impact energy, disperse it in vectors and cause failure, fracture and damage (brittle, ductile, mix mode, fragmentation). This is particularly important and valuable in determining projectile shape and dimensions. Underlying material to be tested and its geometrical dimensions, configuration and existance (natural or artificial) also plays an important part. Both mass (m) and height (h) becomes ineffective if improperly selected contingent with nature of material to be tested and atmospheric conditions. This is studied in detail.